Here is a epistemic logic puzzle that I wrote for my students in the undergraduate logic course I have been teaching this semester at the College of Staten Island at CUNY. We had covered some similar puzzles in lecture, including Cheryl’s Birthday and the blue-eyed islanders.
Bonus Question. Suppose that Alice and Bob are each given a different fraction, of the form $\frac{1}{n}$, where $n$ is a positive integer, and it is commonly known to them that they each know only their own number and that it is different from the other one. The following conversation ensues.
JDH: I privately gave you each a different rational number of the form $\frac{1}{n}$. Who has the larger number?
Alice: I don’t know.
Bob: I don’t know either.
Alice: I still don’t know.
Bob: Suddenly, now I know who has the larger number.
Alice: In that case, I know both numbers.
What numbers were they given?
Give the problem a try! See the solution posted below.
Meanwhile, for a transfinite epistemic logic challenge — considerably more difficult — see my puzzle Cheryl’s rational gifts.
Solution.
When Alice says she doesn’t know, in her first remark, the meaning is exactly that she doesn’t have $\frac 11$, since that is only way she could have known who had the larger number. When Bob replies after this that he doesn’t know, then it must be that he also doesn’t have $\frac 11$, but also that he doesn’t have $\frac 12$, since in either of these cases he would know that he had the largest number, but with any other number, he couldn’t be sure. Alice replies to this that she still doesn’t know, and the content of this remark is that Alice has neither $\frac 12$ nor $\frac 13$, since in either of these cases, and only in these cases, she would have known who has the larger number. Bob replies that suddenly, he now knows who has the larger number. The only way this could happen is if he had either $\frac 13$ or $\frac 14$, since in either of these cases he would have the larger number, but otherwise he wouldn’t know whether Alice had $\frac 14$ or not. But we can’t be sure yet whether Bob has $\frac 13$ or $\frac 14$. When Alice says that now she knows both numbers, however, then it must be because the information that she has allows her to deduce between the two possibilities for Bob. If she had $\frac 15$ or smaller, she wouldn’t be able to distinguish the two possibilities for Bob. Since we already ruled out $\frac 13$ for her, she must have $\frac 14$. So Alice has $\frac 14$ and Bob has $\frac 13$.
Many of the commentators came to the same conclusion. Congratulations to all who solved the problem! See also the answers posted on my math.stackexchange question and on Twitter:
Epistemic logic puzzle: Still Don’t Know.
Another question from the logic final exam. Epistemic logic. https://t.co/UBpQPTyVPc
— Joel David Hamkins (@JDHamkins) December 20, 2017
Joel–By A’s 1st comment, it is known that she doesn’t have 1/1. By B’s response it is known that he does not have 1/2. A’s response makes it clear she also does not have 1/3. B’s sudden knowledge attests to his having 1/4. A now knows this as well, and she also clearly knows what her own number is. (I don’t, but it must be 1/n for n greater than or equal to 5.)
does any of that make sense?
> B’s sudden knowledge attests to his having 1/4.
Not necessarily right, B could also be 1/3, since that would still be greater than whatever Alice could have, but only in one of those situations can Alice be sure what he has.
B’s sudden knowledge attests to his having a 1/3 or 1/4. A then would only know B’s with certainty if she had a 1/4. Therefore A’s number is 1/4 and B’s 1/3. Otherwise the analysis above is correct.
That sounds right to me, Jerome. Thank you very much.
–Charlie Sitler